Abbreviations

Throughout this book we use commonly found abbreviations in PK/PD, some of which are given below for convenience.

FOCE

first order conditional estimation

IMP

importance sampling

ITS

iterative two stage

IV

Intra-venous, i.e. injected directly into a vein

JOE

joint optimisation and estimation

LAPLACE

Laplace approximation

ND

none derivative estimation

OBJV

objective function value

ODEs

ordinary differential equations

PK/PD

Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic

SAEM

stochastic approximation expectation maximisation

TSLD

Time since last dose

VPC

visual predictive check

wrt

With respect to - usually defines rate of change variable in an ordinary differential equation